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Esen Taishi
Esen Taishi ((モンゴル語:Эсэн тайш); died 1455)〔Robinson, "Politics, Force and Ethnicity in Ming China: Mongols and the Abortive Coup of 1461," 80.〕 was a powerful Oirat Khagan of Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia in the 15th century. He is best known for capturing the Zhengtong Emperor of the Ming dynasty in 1450 after the Battle of Tumu Fortress and briefly reuniting the Mongols. The Oirats reached their peak under his rule.
==Youth and early career==
Esen was born to his father, Toghon, the Choros taishi (grand preceptor, from 太師) who had expanded Oirat territory substantially, with more Mongol tribes acknowledging his supremacy. As an Oirat, Esen was not descended from Genghis Khan, and this hampered his claim to the title of great khan.〔(Sinor 1997 ), p. 205.〕〔(Croner 2010 ), pp. 28-29.〕
His early campaigns were against the Chaghatayid khans of Moghulistan. Esen three times defeated and twice captured the Moghuli ruler Uvais (Ways Khan) (1418–1432).〔Rene Grousset - The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, p. 506〕 Esen released him out of respect for his Chinggisid blood in both cases. The second time, Uvais granted Esen his sister Makhtum Khanim, who bore his two sons. Esen had to nominally convert to Islam in order to marry the Muslim princess, but remained effectively a shamanist.〔The "Tarikhi-i-Rashidi" of Mirza Muhammad Haidar, Dughlát, a history of the Moghuls of Central Asia, an English version edited with commentary, notes and map by N. Elias, p. 398〕
After his father died in 1438, Esen inherited his position, taishi, for the reigning khan Togtoo-Bukha (reigned 1433–52). Under Esen taishi's leadership, the western Mongols and other Mongol tribes who support Togtoo-Bukha conquered the rest of Mongolia and received the submission of the Jurchens and the Tuvans in Manchuria and Eastern Siberia. The Oirat warriors played a crucial role in this conquest. In the 1430s, Esen also took over control of the Mongol kingdom called Kara Del in Hami oasis on the Silk Road between the Gobi and the Takla Makan deserts; after 1443–45 his conquest reached the northern border of Korea.〔Jack Weatherford- The secret history of the Mongol Queens, p. 324〕
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